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A satellite based navigation system providing accuracy usable for side scan sonar surveys on a worldwide basis. GPS has become a universal, reliable positioning system.

Inherent errors in GPS (implemented by the Department of Defense) create inaccuracies of more than 100 meters. Differential base stations can reduce these errors to less than two meters but are time consuming to survey-in and have limited range. Still, GPS is a convenient navigation system for sonar survey operations. Even if the injected errors are removed from the system by the Government, differential corrections have the potential to further increase system accuracy.

Global Positioning SystemGlobal Positioning System is a worldwide MEO (medium or middle, earth orbit) satellite navigational system formed by 24 satellites orbiting the earth and their corresponding receivers on the earth.  The satellites orbit the earth at approximately 12,000 miles above the surface and make two complete orbits every 24 hours.

The GPS satellites continuously transmit digital radio signals that contain data on the satellites location and the exact time to the earth-bound receiver. The satellites are equipped with atomic clocks that are precise to within a billionth of a second.  Based on this information the receivers know how long it takes for the signal to reach the receiver on earth.

As each signal travels at the speed of light, the longer it takes the receiver to get the signal, the farther away the satellite is.  By knowing how far away a satellite is, the receiver knows that it is located somewhere on the surface of an imaginary sphere centered at the satellite.  By using three satellites, GPS can calculate the longitude and latitude of the receiver based on where the three spheres intersect.  By using four satellites, GPS can also determine altitude.

This technology is used currently with USA Mobility’s Machine-to-Machine (M2M or Telemetry) and locationing applications.


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